Although Turkish is a rooted language, teaching Turkish as a foreign language is quite a new field. Teaching foreign language is not to find the equivalent of the concepts in mother tongue and express them in target language, but it is to know where and when to use those words. It is possible to gain this ability with cultural transmission that affects the language. The goal of this study is to find out Polish students’ attitudes towards Turkish culture in Turkish language classes. In this study a questionnaire with 15 Likertscale and four open-ended questions was administered to 46 Polish students studying at Turkology department, Jagiellonian University (UJ) in Poland. As a result of this study, Turkish culture has an important role in Polish students’ desire to learn Turkish. Thus, Turkish language teachers should develop both students’ grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, writing competence and they should also help them develop socio-cultural competence. Key Words: Culture, Turkish Language, Cultural Expressions.

The importance of child adoption to infertile couples seeking for children, and children in need of parents cannot be over emphasized. In Eastern Nigeria, child adoption has faced socio-cultural challenges due to cultural norms and beliefs, social expectations and values. This study investigated the socio-cultural challenges of child adoption in Eastern Nigeria. To achieve this, two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The population of the study was the entire couples in Eastern Nigeria. Disproportionate stratified random sampling was used to select 800 couples. Among these, 400 couples are childless, while the other 400 couples have biological children. A descriptive survey was used, while questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. The result was analyzed using mean scores, standard deviations and t-test. The findings revealed poverty, bastard syndrome, denial of inheritance among others as some of the challenges of child adoption. The data also showed that childlessness, and gender selection among others are some of the reasons for adoption. The data also revealed that there is no significant difference between the mean scores of the males and females in what constitute the socio-cultural challenges of child adoption in Eastern Nigeria. There was a significant difference between the mean scores of childless couples and couples with biological children in the reasons for adoption. The summary of the findings was that child adoption has been very difficult to practice in Eastern Nigeria. The study also made some recommendations and implications. Key Words: Poverty, Bastard Syndrome, Denial of Inheritance, Childlessness, Gender Selection, Male Child Preference.

After the advent of socio-cultural theory of learning and the widespread applications of its tenets in second language pedagogy, learners’ first language was praised to play certain facilitative roles in second language learning. The functions of L1 use have also been explored in collaborative writing tasks, but the focus has long been on the similarities of writing processes in the two languages and the transfer of strategies from the first to the second languages. However, one basic difference between first language and second language learners, which seems to have been overlooked, is the fact that second language learners have two languages at their disposal, and hence may benefit from them both. The present study was hence designed to investigate first language collaborations of learners engaged in a second language writing task by collecting audio and written data from 36 (12 groups of 3) Persian speaking intermediate English learners while writing an argumentative paragraph. 6 of the 12 groups were asked to collaborate in their first language and the others were limited to using the second language in their collaborations. The results of comparisons between the first language and second language groups indicated that while the former groups focused on task management, task clarification and grammar, the latter groups were more concerned with vocabulary and content. Key Words: Second Language Acquisition, Collaborative Writing, First Language Use.

The entire demographic structures a special places is holded from the population structure according to their age. It plays an important role not only to demographic elements but also to the economic, social and cultural development of the area part of this research study. Treating of age structure in Mallakastra during the period 2001-2011, is a very delicate issue and with diverse impacts on the whole life framework of its population. This issue deserves a special attention since need to be evident changes, impact factors and to show up the future tendencies. Age structure is product of natural and migratory movement within and outside the country. Through it is provided the necessary information for the population vitality, general average age, population reproduction, specific role of each of them etc. Also it serves to judge about the potential of the area for working forces, which tend to be of third age group and the requirements they have for diverse services such are; education, health care, administration, communication etc. Key Words: Average Age, Index of Old Age, Economic Indicators of General Subordination, Population With Tendency of Demographic Reduction, Population on the Eve of Became Old One, Population with Demographic Aging, Aging Process, Aging Coefficient.